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Natural Satellites Data Center.   Parameters and constants
 Masses of satellites | Nomenclature |
Satellites of Mars
Satellites of Jupiter
Satellites of Saturn
Satellites of Uranus
Satellites of Neptune
Satellites of Pluto
 
Satellites of Mars Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data
M1 Phobos 0.000722±0.000005
0.0007158±0.0000005
0.0007127±0.0000021
0.0007092±0.0000004
0.0007071±0.0000063 		Ivanov N.M. et al, 1990
Konopliv et al, 2006
Andert et al, 2010
Jacobson, 2010
Andert et al., 2013 		"Phobos-2" tracking data
acceleration on spacecraft
Mars Express radio tracking data
Viking+Phobos 2 tracking data
Mars Express close flybys
M2 Deimos 0.000120
0.000098±0.000007
0.000101±0.000003 		Duxbury T.C.,Callahan J.D., 1989
Konopliv et.al, 2006
Jacobson, 2010 		Viking Orbiter Image
acceleration on the spacecraft
Viking+Phobos 2 tracking data
 
Satellites of Jupiter Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data
J1 Io 5961±10
5959.92±0.02 		Campbell J.K., Synnott S.P., 1985
Jacobson R. A., 2001 		Voyager tracking data
Galileo mission
J2 Europa 3201±10
3202.73±0.02 		Campbell J.K., Synnott S.P., 1985
Jacobson R. A., 2001 		Voyager tracking data
Galileo mission
J3 Ganymede 9887±3
9887.83±0.03 		Campbell J.K., Synnott S.P., 1985
Jacobson R. A., 2001 		Voyager tracking data
Galileo mission
J4 Callisto 7181±3
7179.29±0.02 		Campbell J.K., Synnott S.P., 1985
Jacobson R. A., 2001 		Voyager tracking data
Galileo mission Doppler tracking
J5 Amalthea 0.139±0.010 Anderson et al. 2005 Galileo Radio Doppler data
J6 Himalia 0.45
 
0.28±0.04 		Rettig, Walsh, 2002
 
Emelyanov N.V., 2005 		Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
Perturbations on other satell.
J7 Elara 0.058 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J8 Pasiphae 0.020 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J9 Sinope 0.0050 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J10 Lysithea 0.0042 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J11 Carme 0.0088 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J12 Ananke 0.0020 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J13 Leda 0.00073 Rettig, Walsh, 2002 Photometric observations with the density of 2.6 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.04 (assumed)
J14 Tebe 0.10
 Thomas et al. 1998 Images made by "Galileo" with the density assumed of 3.0 g/cm3
J15 Adrastea 0.0005
 Thomas et al. 1998 Images made by "Galileo" with the density assumed of 3.0 g/cm3
J16 Metis 0.008 Thomas et al. 1998 Images made by "Galileo" with the density assumed of 3.0 g/cm3
 
 
Estimations made on the basis of reduction of the photometric data published in the MPC (Emel'yanov, Ural'skaya, 2011, Solar System Research, 45, 377)
( See photometric parameters of sateliites in this database)
using the equations (Bowell et al., 1989))
log pH=6.114-2 log(2r )-0.4 H ,   Gm=G 4/3 π r3 ρ
where r - radius of satellite, H - absolute magnitude in R band at solar distance 1 au, observer distance 1 au, reduced at phase angle α=0°, pH - assumed albedo in R band, ρ - assumed density of satellite [g/cm3].
Satellites of Jupiter Gm [km3/s2] Source of the data
J17 Callirrhoe 0.0000672 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J18 Themisto 0.0000442 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J19 Megaclite 0.0000270 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J20 Taygete 0.0000145 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J21 Chaldene 0.0000095 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J22 Harpalyke 0.0000106 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J23 Kalyke 0.0000196 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J24 Iocaste 0.0000177 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J25 Erinome 0.0000048 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J26 Isonoe 0.0000078 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J27 Praxidike 0.0000361 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J28 Autonoe 0.0000099 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J29 Thyone 0.0000088 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J30 Hermippe 0.0000189 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J31 Aitne 0.0000051 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J32 Eurydome 0.0000054 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J33 Euanthe 0.0000055 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J34 Euporie 0.0000031 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J35 Orthosie 0.0000042 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J36 Sponde 0.0000035 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J37 Kale 0.0000031 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J38 Pasithee 0.0000021 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J39 Hegemone 0.0000043 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J40 Mneme 0.0000042 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J41 Aoede 0.0000082 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J42 Thelxinoe 0.0000044 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J43 Arche 0.0000036 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J44 Kallichore 0.0000029 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J45 Helike 0.0000091 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J46 Carpo 0.0000043 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J47 Eukelade 0.0000090 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J48 Cyllene 0.0000030 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J49 Kore 0.0000050 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
J50 Herse 0.0000032 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 2 0.0000019 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 3 0.0000016 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 4 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 5 0.0000124 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 9 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 10 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 12 0.0000008 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 15 0.0000017 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 16 0.0000017 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 18 0.0000037 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 19 0.0000016 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2003 J 23 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2010 J 1 0.0000025 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2010 J 2 0.0000007 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2011 J 1 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2011 J 2 0.0000012 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2016 J 1 0.0000035 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
S/2017 J 1 0.0000091 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 2.6
 
 
Satellites of Saturn
See also the next table 		Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data (EB - Earth-based,
HST - Hubble Space Telescope observations)
S1 Mimas 2.5023±0.0020
2.504±0.002
2.509±0.004 		Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006
Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006a
Cooper et al., 2008 		EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S2 Enceladus 7.2096±0.0067
7.205±0.011 		Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006
Rappaport N. et al., 2007 		EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
Doppler data of the Cassini
S3 Tethys 41.2097±0.0063
41.200±0.007 		Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006
Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006a 		EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S4 Dione 73.1127±0.0025 Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006 EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S5 Rhea 153.9416±0.0049
153.9395±0.0018 		Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006
Iess L. et al., 2007 		EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
Cassini Doppler data
S6 Titan 8978.1356±0.0039
8978.1394 		Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006
Iess et al., 2010 		EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
Radio tracking of the spacecraft Cassini
S7 Hyperion 0.3727±0.0045 Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006 EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S8 Iapetus 120.20±0.06
120.5117±0.0173 		Rappaport et al., 2005
Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006 		Cassini gravity experiments
EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S9 Phoebe 0.5517±0.0007
0.5534±0.0006 		Rappaport et al., 2005
Jacobson R.A. et al., 2006 		Cassini gravity experiments
EB, Pioneer 11, Voyager, and Cassini data
S10 Janus 0.1266±0.00008
0.12651±0.00003
0.126403±0.000019
 Jacobson et al., 2008
Cooper et al., 2015
Lainey et al., 2023 		Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
New Cassini Imaging
Cassini-Huygens space mission
S11 Epimetheus 0.03513±0.00002
0.035110±0.000009
0.0350806±0.0000054 		Jacobson et al., 2008
Cooper et al., 2015
Lainey et al., 2023 		Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
New Cassini Imaging
Cassini-Huygens space mission
S12 Helene 0.0017 Thomas P. C., 1989 Images made by "Voyager" with the density of 1.5 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.6 (assumed)
S13 Telesto 0.00048 Thomas et al., 1983 Images made by "Voyager" with the density of 1.0 g/cm3 and the albedo of 1.0 (assumed)
S14 Calypso 0.00024 Thomas et al., 1983 Images made by "Voyager" with the density of 1.5 g/cm3 and the albedo of 0.7 (assumed)
S15 Atlas 0.000384±0.000001
0.000384±0.000001
0.0003664±0.0000028 		Jacobson et al., 2008
Cooper et al., 2015
Lainey et al., 2023 		Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
New Cassini Imaging
Cassini-Huygens space mission
S16 Prometheus 0.0141±0.0025
0.01064±0.00010
0.010677±0.000006
 Jacobson et al., 2008
Cooper et al., 2015
Lainey et al., 2023 		Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
New Cassini Imaging
Cassini-Huygens space mission
S17 Pandora 0.00915±0.00013
0.009133±0.000009
0.009058±0.000011 		Jacobson et al., 2008
Cooper et al., 2015
Lainey et al., 2023 		Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
New Cassini Imaging
Cassini-Huygens space mission
S18 Pan 0.00033±0.00005 Porco et al., 2005 Mutual perturbations of satelltes (Cassini)
 
 
Satellites of Saturn Mass in units of 1019 g. References Sources of the data
S7 Hyperion 561.99±5 Thomas et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S10 Janus 189.75±0.06 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S11 Epimetheus 52.66±0.06 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S15 Atlas 0.66±0.045 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S16 Prometheus 15.95±0.15 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S17 Pandora 13.71±0.19 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S18 Pan 0.495±0.075 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
S35 Daphnis 0.0077±0.0015 Porco et al., 2007 Cassini imaging
 
 
Estimations made on the basis of reduction of the photometric data published in the MPC (Emel'yanov, Ural'skaya, 2011, Solar System Research, 45, 377)
( See photometric parameters of sateliites in this database)
using the equations (Bowell et al., 1989))
log pH=6.114-2 log(2r )-0.4 H ,   Gm=G 4/3 π r3 ρ
where r - radius of satellite, H - absolute magnitude in R band at solar distance 1 au, observer distance 1 au, reduced at phase angle α=0°, pH - assumed albedo in R band, ρ - assumed density of satellite [g/cm3].
Satellites of Saturn Gm [km3/s2] Source of the data
S19 Ymir 0.0005264 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S20 Paaliaq 0.0008621 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S21 Tarvos 0.0002069 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S22 Ijiraq 0.0001232 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S23 Suttungr 0.0000160 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S24 Kiviuq 0.0003273 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S25 Mundilfari 0.0000176 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S26 Albiorix 0.0016549 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S27 Skathi 0.0000223 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S28 Erriapo 0.0000870 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S29 Siarnaq 0.0091789 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S30 Thrymr 0.0000314 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S31 Narvi 0.0000129 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S36 Aegir 0.0000081 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S37 Bebhionn 0.0000099 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S38 Bergelmir 0.0000094 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S39 Bestla 0.0000164 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S40 Farbauti 0.0000043 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S41 Fenrir 0.0000036 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S42 Fornjot 0.0000080 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S43 Hati 0.0000070 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S44 Hyrrokkin 0.0000366 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S45 Kari 0.0000155 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S46 Loge 0.0000088 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S47 Skoll 0.0000090 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S48 Surtur 0.0000048 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S50 Jarnsaxa 0.0000044 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S51 Greip 0.0000060 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S52 Tarqeq 0.0000146 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2004 S 7 0.0000076 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2004 S 12 0.0000054 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2004 S 13 0.0000056 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2004 S 17 0.0000031 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2006 S 1 0.0000073 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2006 S 3 0.0000038 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2007 S 2 0.0000094 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
S/2007 S 3 0.0000045 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.06 and density of 2.3
 
 
Satellites of Uranus Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data
U1 Ariel 83.5±1.4 Jacobson et al., 2014 New dynamical model and extended set of observations (Earth-based, HST, Voyager-2)
U2 Umbriel 85.1±1.9 Jacobson et al., 2014 New dynamical model and extended set of observations (Earth-based, HST, Voyager-2)
U3 Titania 226.9±4.1 Jacobson et al., 2014 New dynamical model and extended set of observations (Earth-based, HST, Voyager-2)
U4 Oberon 205.3±5.8 Jacobson et al., 2014 New dynamical model and extended set of observations (Earth-based, HST, Voyager-2)
U5 Miranda 4.3±0.2 Jacobson et al., 2014 New dynamical model and extended set of observations (Earth-based, HST, Voyager-2)
U6 Cordelia 0.0030 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U7 Ophelia 0.0036 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U8 Bianca 0.0062 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U9 Cressida 0.0229 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U10 Desdemona 0.0119 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U11 Juliet 0.0372 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U12 Portia 0.1122 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U13 Rosalind 0.0170 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U14 Belinda 0.0238 Karkoschka, 2001 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
U15 Puck 0.1931 Thomas et al., 1989 Reduced from the images made by Voyager with the density of 1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
 
Estimations made on the basis of reduction of the photometric data published in the MPC (Emel'yanov, Ural'skaya, 2011, Solar System Research, 45, 377)
( See photometric parameters of sateliites in this database)
using the equations (Bowell et al., 1989))
log pH=6.114-2 log(2r )-0.4 H ,   Gm=G 4/3 π r3 ρ
where r - radius of satellite, H - absolute magnitude in R band at solar distance 1 au, observer distance 1 au, reduced at phase angle α=0°, pH - assumed albedo in R band, ρ - assumed density of satellite [g/cm3].
Satellites of Uranus Gm [km3/s2] Source of the data
U16 Caliban 0.0471079 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U17 Sycorax 0.2704545 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U18 Prospero 0.0065508 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U19 Setebos 0.0082507 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U20 Stephano 0.0020243 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U21 Trinculo 0.0003434 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U22 Francisco 0.0003815 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U23 Margaret 0.0003531 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
U24 Ferdinand 0.0005064 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
 
 
Satellites of Neptune Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data
(EB - Earth-based)
N1 Triton 427.598±1.9 Jacobson et al., 2009 Earth based, HST, Voyager-2
N2 Nereid 2.06 Thomas et al., 1991 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.5 g/cm3
N3 Naiad 0.013 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
N4 Thalassa 0.025 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
N5 Despina 0.14 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
N6 Galatea 0.25 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
N7 Larissa 0.33 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
N8 Proteus 3.36 Karkoschka E., 2003 Images made by Voyager with the density assumed of 1.3 g/cm3
 
Estimations made on the basis of reduction of the photometric data published in the MPC (Emel'yanov, Ural'skaya, 2011, Solar System Research, 45, 377)
( See photometric parameters of sateliites in this database)
using the equations (Bowell et al., 1989))
log pH=6.114-2 log(2r )-0.4 H ,   Gm=G 4/3 π r3 ρ
where r - radius of satellite, H - absolute magnitude in R band at solar distance 1 au, observer distance 1 au, reduced at phase angle α=0°, pH - assumed albedo in R band, ρ - assumed density of satellite [g/cm3].
Satellites of Neptune Gm [km3/s2] Source of the data
N9 Halimede 0.0210759 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
N10 Psamathe 0.0044054 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
N11 Sao 0.0038316 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
N12 Laomedeia 0.0063181 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
N13 Neso 0.0091746 Photometry, assumed albedo of 0.04 and density of 1.5
 
 
Satellites of Pluto Gm [km3/s2] References Sources of the data
System 975.5±1.5 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
Pluto 869.6±1.8 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
P1 Charon 105.9±1.0 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
P2 Nix 0.0030±0.0027 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
P3 Hydra 0.0032±0.0028 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
P4 Kerberos 0.0011±0.0006 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
P5 Styx 0.0010 Brozovic et al., 2015 Earth-based, HST, Mutual events
 
 
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